Answer:
see explanation
Step-by-step explanation:
Given the graph of f(x) then f(x) + c is a vertical translation of f(x)
• If c > 0 then shift up of c units
• If c < 0 then shift down of c units
Thus y = x² → y = x² - 3 ← c < 0
Is a vertical shift down of 3 units
